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Tell us please whether in the future -- in order to enrich your vocabulary -- you would like to read original stories like «Old Guys on Motor Bikes» straight by an author of our own, (or maybe not) in our newsletters.
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GRAMMAR - 2.1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

An adverbial clause consists of a subject and a predicate introduced by a subordinate conjunction like when, although, because, if, etc. Such a clause may be used in initial position, final position, and occasionally in mid-position with the main verb of the sentence. A comma often appears after an introductory clause (especially a long one), but is much less common before a clause in final position. A clause in mid-position must be set off with commas.

Adverbial clauses may belong to the types of Time (1), Place (2), Cause (3), Condition (4), Contrast (5) subdivided into a/ concessive and b/ adversative, Purpose (6), Result (7), Comparison (8) and Manner (9).

Adverbial Clauses of Time (Time Clauses) begin with the subordinating conjunctions when, as soon as, while, as long as, since, by the time (that), before, now that, after, once, until, as.

I can see you when I finish my work. She was reading a book while the dinner was cooking. I have not seen him since he returned to the country. They will leave before you get there. Meanwhile, someone broke into the house and stole their silverware.

Adverbial Clauses of Place are introduced by where, wherever.

We live where the road crosses the river.
Note: Sentences like ‘Wherever possible, the illustrations are taken from literature’ are labeled as abridgements of place clauses.

Adverbial Clauses of Cause may begin with subordinating conjunctions because, since, as, now that, whereas (legal), inasmuch as (formal), as long as, on account of the fact that, owing to the fact that, in view of the fact that, because of the fact that, due to the fact that (informal).

He could not come because (or since, as) he was ill. Now that he has passed his examinations, he can get his degree. Whereas they have disobeyed the law, they will be punished. Inasmuch as no one was hurt because of his negligence, the judge gave him a light sentence. On account of (or owing to) the fact that the country was at war, all the young men were drafted.

Cause clauses also may have abridgements: It is an unpardonable insult, since intentional


EXERCISES ON ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Combine the following set of sentences so that the italicized sentence becomes an adverbial clause. (Some introductory words in the second sentence of each group may need to be omitted).

EXAMPLE: I was in South America last year.
During this time I learnt to speak Spanish.

I learned to speak Spanish while (when) I was in South America last year.
While (when) I was in South America last year, I learned to speak Spanish.

1. Edison invented a lamp which conducted electricity. Up to this time, gas had been the chief means of lighting homes and streets.

2. He had always preferred blondes. He married a brunette.

3. He has always provided for his children. He has never given them any affection.

4. Soccer is a popular spectator sport in England. In the United States it is football that attracts large audience.

5. The road crosses the river there. That’s where we live. (Use a clause of place).

6. They moved into an expensive apartment. Already they have become very snobbish.

7. We finished breakfast. Then we went for a walk.

8. My assistant is on vacation. I have a lot of extra work to do.

9. Caesar believed that his legions were invincible. He set out to conquer the world.

10. It might not rain tomorrow. In this case I’ll go to the beach.


VOCABULARY Exercises. (Fill in the gap a word chosen from those in the brackets).
The mayor ….. (filled, fell, felt) back in his armchair. His head was …………… (splitting, buzzing), he needed at least an hour sleeping. Then he heard the ……………(splitting, buzzing) sound of the vibrating phone.
Oh, bother. He was supposed not to be disturbed. What happened again?
It’s his wife. Who on earth could have stopped her? And she was ……………… (crazy, mad) at him.
Didn’t he tell her he was very busy?

He tried to remember when the sound of her voice became so …………(annoying, imposing, boring, grudging) to him. He used to be ………………(crazy, mad) about her.

But she wasn’t …………(boring, annoying, imposing, grudging) at that time, she used to be happy and understanding.

So, what happened, why couldn't she leave him alone now? She had known that he was very busy these days.
Oh, no. It’s his granddaughter's birthday. Which one's ? Or, that little baby, the …………… (toddler, pre-teenager) he saw recently?
The daughter of his youngest son and his first wife? How old is she now? 11? She definitely can talk now, and no doubt read, too..
Of course, …………… (toddlers, pre-teenagers) definitely can read. Even if his children were …………… (raised, risen) not by him, he could still remember well playing chess with his 10 year old or so son.
So he had to go, otherwise he would ……… (loose, lose – Artyom, we won’t make this horrible misprint again) his family.
But did he need them? This invitation was rather … (imposing, boring, grudging, annoying)
He couldn’t concentrate on his wife’s words, and she went on ………… (imposing, boring, grudging, annoying).
O.k., he’d come. What on earth could he else do?


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